1. Makharij (Articulation Points)

• Each Arabic letter has a specific point of origin in the mouth or throat.

• Mastering these ensures clarity and prevents mixing similar sounds.

2. Sifaat (Characteristics of Letters)

• Traits like heaviness (tafkheem), softness (tarqeeq), and whispering (hams).

• Example: The letter ص is heavy, while س is soft.

3. Rules of Noon Saakin & Tanween

• Izhar: Clear pronunciation (e.g., noon followed by throat letters).

• Idgham: Merging sounds (with or without ghunnah).

• Iqlab: Changing noon to meem sound before ب.

• Ikhfaa: Concealing the sound with nasalization.

4. Rules of Meem Saakin

• Similar to Noon Saakin rules:

• Ikhfaa Shafawi, Idgham Shafawi, Izhar Shafawi.

5. Madd (Elongation)

• Stretching vowels for 2, 4, or 6 counts depending on the type:

• Madd Asli (natural), Madd Far’i (secondary).

6. Qalqalah (Echoing)

• Applies to letters: ق، ط، ب، ج، د

• Creates a bouncing sound when these letters are in sukoon.

7. Waqf (Stopping) & Ibtida (Starting)

• Rules for pausing and resuming recitation to preserve meaning.

8. Ghunnah (Nasalization)

• A nasal sound lasting about two counts, often in Idgham and Ikhfaa.